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Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition, Volume 10: Necromancy - Pindar
Portraits have the singular advantage of presenting to the votive eye the person whose personality, office, stature, or
authority shape a relationship that often goes to the heart of religious belief. Ancestors, teachers, saints, heroes, and deities are made available in their portraits for veneration and petition. The devotional relation that portraiture enables with these venerable figures is perhaps most observable in icons, which are a visual device found in many religious traditions. The term is most closely associated with Orthodox Christianity, which makes extensive liturgical use of icons in its formal worship and devotion. The power of icons consists in their ability to act as apertures or windows through which the devout gaze. Rather than opaque surfaces, icons are experienced as openings in the fabric of the present that enable access to sacred realities such as persons and events. These avenues or conduits conduct devotion and petition from the believer to the venerated person and often act as the route of return to deliver blessing, guidance, or comfort. Although the idea of the Christian icon should not be applied normatively to forms of portraiture in other religions, the icon is a visual category that is not exclusive to Christianity. Fundamental to the sacred portrait is the presumption that faces are the signature of personality, the most reliable and communicative register of the human soul. To see the face is to see the person, to remember him as he actually was, or to see her as she is now in the next world as saint or ancestor. Faces are relics, the enduring countenance of spiritual power, the place to which the devout go to see the sacred looking back at them in the cherished guise of someone they know and trust.
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